Heparin is a naturally occurring anticoagulant widely used in medicine to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III, a protein in the blood that inhibits clotting factors such as thrombin and factor Xa, thereby reducing the formation of fibrin clots. Heparin is commonly administered in conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and during surgical procedures like cardiac bypass or dialysis to prevent clot formation. It is usually given as an injection, either intravenously for immediate effect or subcutaneously for a slower, sustained release.

There are two main types of heparin: unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). UFH requires frequent monitoring through blood tests like activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) due to its variable response, while LMWH offers more predictable dosing and reduced monitoring needs. Side effects of heparin can include bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and, rarely, osteoporosis with prolonged use. Despite these risks, heparin remains an essential drug in modern medicine for managing thromboembolic disorders and maintaining blood flow during critical medical procedures.

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